• RNAi-based biopesticides use natural processes to switch off genes that are essential for the survival of pests and pathogens
• Researchers say public trust and clear regulations are crucial for full benefits to be unlocked

RNAi-based biopesticides can unlock the full potential of Australia’s $50 billion-per-year cropping industry if the public trusts the technology as safe and governments create appropriate regulations, according to Charles Sturt experts.

A new international review published in Nature Plants, Advancing Adoption of RNAi-based Biopesticides, highlights that the future success of RNA interference (RNAi)-based biopesticides depends on regulation and public trust as much as scientific innovation.

RNAi-based biopesticides work by using natural processes to switch off genes that are essential for the survival of pests and pathogens without the need for genetic modification.

Lead author, Mr Stephen Fletcher from Charles Sturt University, said the design of RNA molecules is central to achieving the specificity, reliability and safety needed for adoption.

“Carefully designed RNA molecules that can switch off essential genes in a target pest or pathogen while minimising effects on other organisms are central to using RNA sprays  for crop protection,” Mr Fletcher said.

“Their precise nature offers a potential biosolution at a time when growers are facing increasing challenges with chemical pesticides from pesticide resistance, environmental concerns and tighter regulations on synthetic chemicals.”

RNAi-based biopesticides technology recently reached an important milestone, with the first commercial RNAi-based products registered for control of the Colorado potato beetle and varroa mite.

The discussion is now moving beyond whether the technology works to how it can be successfully adopted on farms around the world.

The review identifies several scientific advances helping drive the technology forward, including breakthroughs in bioinformatics, improved RNA design, and innovative delivery systems that protect RNA molecules and improve performance in field conditions.

Professor Neena Mitter, who has worked on RNA-based biopesticide technologies for more than a decade, said building public trust and fit-for-purpose regulation would be as important as advancing the science.

“Consumers increasingly want sustainable agricultural solutions but public acceptance cannot be assumed,” she said.

“The pathway from discovery to adoption must be built on transparent evidence, clear regulatory oversight, industry engagement and trusted communication about safety and environmental benefits."

The cost of producing RNAi-based biopesticides has dropped dramatically in recent years. However, regulatory barriers remain a major challenge, with countries using different approval systems, which can make it difficult and expensive for companies to bring new products to market.

The review concludes that RNAi-based biopesticides are poised to become an important component of sustainable crop protection, provided scientific progress is matched by reliable field performance, commercial readiness, effective regulation and a strong social license to operate.

The review, Advancing Adoption of RNAi-based Biopesticides, was led by Charles Sturt University in collaboration with The University of Queensland, Curtin University, the University of California Riverside and GreenLight Biosciences.