The Conversation’s Digital Cultural Editor Ms Noor Gillani interviewed five experts on the topic, including Senior Lecturer in English in the Charles Sturt University School of Social Work and Arts Dr Suzie Gibson.

Reality TV – love it or hate it, there’s no denying it’s addictive. From explosive arguments to over-the-top love triangles, it can be hard to look away. But is all this drama just for fun, or might it do more harm – to watchers and participants – than we realise?

We asked five experts, and most of them said it might, especially when it comes to promoting negative body image and leaving contestants emotionally scarred.

But one expert argued reality TV is a valuable form of entertainment overall, which reflects modern culture and sparks important conversations.

Here are their detailed responses:

Dr Suzie Gibson, Charles Sturt University – ‘Yes’

The harms posed by certain reality TV shows should not be underestimated. Their labelling as “trashy” TV highlights their tawdry, shallow content, which is often devoid of meaningful enrichment or intellectual value.

Franchises such as The Bachelor/Bachelorette, Love Island and Married at First Sight exemplify this trend. They cater to viewers’ voyeuristic tendencies by staging drama that appeals to our basest instincts.

Voyeurism – defined as an interest in observing unsuspecting people – can become damaging when the subjects are objectified and dehumanised. And research linking voyeurism to television habits shows people drawn to reality TV tend to score significantly higher on a “voyeurism scale”.

Reality TV’s treatment of contestants perpetuates a culture of dehumanisation for entertainment.

There are many reports of contestants facing psychological and physical harm, sometimes leading to anxiety and stress disorders. In extreme cases, contestants have taken their lives following online abuse stemming from their TV appearance.

And while some reality shows produce inspiring figures, such as Alone Australia’s Gina Chick, many leave their participants feeling humiliated.

In some ways, “trashy” reality TV mirrors the Roman Colosseum. Contestants are the modern-day gladiators, battling for love, fame and Instagram followers. Audiences can live vicariously through their favourites, while hoping for others’ dismissal or ridicule. This phenomenon is captured by the German word schadenfreude (pleasure derived from others’ misfortune).

Finally, reality TV can also impact viewers’ self-image. According to one UK survey, about one in four people said reality TV made them worry about their body image.

Dr Rebecca Trelease, Auckland University of Technology – ‘Yes’

Watching reality TV content created at the expense of participants is harmful. Different reality TV formats have varying levels of participant immersion. Shows that isolate contestants from support systems – banning phones and internet so they’re completely reliant on the crew – are the most harmful.

It’s unacceptable that any number of former reality TV participants have passed away from suicide. As a former participant  of The Bachelor New Zealand, I spent six and a half weeks either in an isolated mansion, or overseas with no return flight until eliminated. With no running water, food kept under lock and key and chicken  served from a rubbish bin, we were reminded of how we could not choose to leave and how “worth it” the bachelor was (he wasn’t).

We were taped to mics the entire time, including when we went to the bathroom. After returning home, I found myself automatically reaching for a mic that wasn’t there to distort the recording of family conversations. I had panic attacks and lost 12% of my body weight in two weeks.

As an academic studying reality TV, I think these shows must be informed by research into defining “post-traumatic reality show syndrome”. Participants’ experiences have long-lasting effects, but technically can’t be labelled PTSD due to a requirement of “exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation”.

There are also wider effects, particularly for participants’ family members, who effectively lose a loved one for a period of time and then must support their return back to the world.

Dr Jessica Ford, University of Adelaide – ‘No’

The idea that there is a direct correlation between what we consume and how we behave (often called the  “media effects” model) has long been disproven.

Yes, reality TV has a social and cultural impact, but it is not as simple as watching antisocial behaviour on a screen and then being more likely to repeat it in real life. Despite watching many hours of Real Housewives, I have never flipped a table or thrown a drink in someone’s face.

I have, however, spent many hours defending the cultural value of reality TV. Why is the gossip, manipulation and political struggles of Westeros or the Roy family considered “art”, but the same power games in the Bachelor mansion considered a “guilty pleasure”? Is it because the stakes are lower in the latter? Surely not, as they’re both constructed.

It’s usually media aimed at women which ends up being labelled as “trashy” or a “guilty pleasure”. Reality TV’s perceived lack of cultural value reflects a long history of classed, raced and gendered taste cultures.

Reality TV is a space where contemporary cultural debates play out – whether its questioning problematic relationship dynamics in Married at First Sight, the boundaries of heteronormativity in The Bachelorette, or the norms and demands of parenting in Parental Guidance. These conversations continue into homes and workplaces.

The negative impacts of reality TV largely land with those involved in production. Our cultural devaluing of these shows has led to  horrendous working conditions being excused because contestants “knew what they were getting into”.

Associate Professor Jane Herbert, University of Wollongong – ‘Yes’

An important feature of human cognition is the ability to learn from the knowledge and skills of more experienced individuals.

From early infancy, we learn new behaviours by watching and copying others’ actions. While our beliefs about how people should behave develop through family and peer group interactions, media exposure can further broaden our experiences.

During early childhood, we learn less from on-screen events than real-life interactions. But we become better at learning from media resources with age, and when the content is meaningful and relevant.

Online video platforms such as YouTube provide access to a vast body of information for learning and entertainment. As content is created, shared and commented on by online communities, we can select the best resources for our needs.

At their best, reality shows can expose us to people from a range of backgrounds, races and genders. But this often comes at the risk of exposure to the antisocial attitudes and toxic behaviours of a minority.

While bullying, bigotry or misogyny might increase viewer numbers, repeated viewing of such content may be unhealthy, as repetition can enhance encoding and memory. In this way, antisocial behaviours may become normalised.

Having the production team cut away partway through controversial acts is also unlikely to help. Even infants successfully complete actions they have observed someone trying but failing to achieve. The intention has already been planted.

Reality television can be entertaining, but a reality check is needed. The voices that draw our attention may not be the ones that need magnifying.

Dr Catherine Houlihan, University of the Sunshine Coast – ‘Yes’

I’m a clinical psychologist and academic with expertise in the field of eating disorders and body image.

Reality TV encompasses a broad range of programs, from celebrity dramas to dating shows, to lifestyle competitions. While the genre as a whole is very popular (about two-thirds of Australians report watching reality TV), evidence suggests some shows may be more harmful than others.

Studies have shown reality TV can lead to negative body image in viewers, particularly shows that are appearance-focused, and in which idealised body types are promoted over a diverse range.

One UK survey by the Mental Health Foundation showed almost a quarter of young adults said shows such as Love Island caused them to worry about their body image. These concerns were also associated with mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and suicidal thoughts.

Poor body image can also lead to other negative outcomes in young people, such as skipping school, according to a survey by The Butterfly Foundation.

Humans are naturally drawn to making social comparisons. And negative body comparisons are central to problematic body image. Certain reality shows may increase these comparisons, resulting in a range of negative outcomes that span body image and mental health.

More research is needed to explore reality TV’s full impact on body image and mental health and how we may reduce it. Our research group is currently evaluating a program called  BodyKind Online Education, designed to help young people protect themselves against the media’s potentially harmful effects on body image. The full results are due to be published soon.

This article first appeared in The Conversation.